ABSTRACT

Objectives:

¹⁸Fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is used to monitor the recurrence in thyroid cancer patients when there is suspicion of metastases. De-differentiated lesions become ¹⁸F-FDG avid with a more aggressive clinical course. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in differentiated thyroid cancer.

Methods:

Forty-six patients, either with a negative radioiodine scan or clinical progression and suspicions for metastases with differentiated thyroid cancer that were referred to our department for ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scan and evaluated retrospectively. PET/CT findings were correlated with clinical and histopathological findings, serum thyroglobulin (Tg), and anti-Tg levels.

Results:

Twenty-six patients (56.2%) were positive for recurrence in ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT images. Positive ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT findings were significantly correlated with the disease stage and Tg levels. Maximum standardized uptake value did not correlate with other findings or patients’ profiles. The cut-off value for Tg was at 52.5 ng/mL having 73.08% sensitivity, 75% specificity, 79.17% positive predictive value, and 68.18% negative predictive value for ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT imaging.

Conclusion:

¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT is useful for detecting recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer. Increased Tg levels and stage of the disease were significantly correlated with ¹⁸F-FDG positivity. ¹⁸F-FDG positivity may also provide information about the de-differentiation process that may support the treatment plan.

Introduction

Differentiated thyroid cancers are slowly growing tumors with a good prognosis and relatively low mortality rates (1,2). The American Thyroid Association (ATA) defines the thyroglobulin (Tg) level of 0.2 ng/mL as acceptable after the ablation and/or radioiodine treatment. Routine follow-up is conducted by measuring serum Tg and anti-Tg levels, with a neck ultrasound (3). Whole-body scintigraphy with radioiodine is advisable when Tg serum levels are at the rise or on the occasion or suspicion of metastases. Residual disease or recurrence has been mostly detected in the thyroid bed or cervical lymph nodes (4). However, in the case of suspicion of residual disease or recurrence that could not be detected with the ultrasound, conventional imaging techniques are applied. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is helpful in restaging patients with increased Tg levels and a negative iodine whole-body scan (5,6). ATA guidelines suggest a serum Tg cut-off at 10 ng/mL to benefit from PET/CT imaging in metastatic cancers.

Whole-body iodine-131 (I-131) scan has high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of differentiated thyroid cancer. It is routinely used in searching for metastases or recurrence, as recommended in the ATA guidelines (7). However, spatial resolution might not be efficient in the case of small lesions (<1 cm). Additionally, thyroid cells may de-differentiate which leads to aggressive malignancy and loss of the iodine uptake during the follow-up. ¹⁸Fluoride-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) PET/CT is useful for the detection of metastases, especially when cancer cells de-differentiate. While the iodine transport decrease in thyroid cancer cells, glucose metabolism increases and becomes more FDG avid; this is called the “flip-flop phenomenon” and serves as a sign of de-differentiation (8,9,10). Imaging techniques other than whole-body radioiodine scan are necessary in these cases. While ¹⁸F-FDG avidity represents the aggressiveness of tumor cells, CT depicts metastatic lesions with negative ¹⁸F-FDG uptake. This may benefit the tumors, where some of the metastases have a lower level of differentiation.

Maximum standardized uptake values (SUV_max) may provide a direction of the therapy, since the higher the values, the worse the prognosis (10). Recent studies have also emphasized the importance of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in patients with suspicions of recurrence and prior radioiodine treatment (11,12). Furthermore, ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scan has an impact on disease management and prognosis (6). Nevertheless, PET/CT in routine imaging of thyroid cancer patients is not part of the recent guidelines’ recommendations.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scans in differentiated thyroid cancer, in patients with suspicions of recurrence or metastases in our hospital. Moreover, we assessed the relation of SUV_max levels with clinical and pathological findings of the patients.

Materials and Methods

Patients with intermediate or high-risk differentiated thyroid cancer, who were referred to our department for radioiodine treatment between 2017 and 2020, have been analyzed retrospectively. Patients were either operated in our hospital or were following-up from the other clinics. A group of patients were referred to our department without previous routine follow-up. All patients had undergone thyroidectomy, with or without the central and lateral lymph node dissection, and radioiodine treatment. The I-131 treatment dosage was between 3700 (100 mCi) and 7400 MBq (200 mCi) by following the ATA guidelines’ recommendations and risk assessment of the patient.

Six months after the treatment, when the thyroid stimulating hormone serum levels measurement had reached >30 ng/mL, Tg and anti-Tg levels were measured. Patients with suspicion or already discovered metastases with increasing levels of either Tg or anti-Tg after the radioiodine treatment were included in the study. Serum stimulated Tg and anti-Tg levels were measured. The risk stratification and suspicion for a recurrence or metastases are defined by the ATA guidelines. All the patients signed informed consent forms. University of Health Sciences Turkey, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee approved (number: 3112, date: 02.02.2021).

Results

Forty-six patients with a mean age of 47.65±15.82 were included in our study (Table 1). Seventeen of the patients were male. The patients were categorized according to the type of cancer. Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) corresponded to 76.09% (n=35), follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) to 6.52% (n=3), and mixed type of differentiated thyroid cancer to 17.39% (n=8). Two of the PTC patients had tall cell variant and one had an oncocytic variant. Two of the mixed type patients had tall cell variant tumors. According to the classification of the American Joint Committee of Cancer and the TNM guidelines, 27 patients were stage-I, nine patients were stage-II, and four patients were stage-IV (13). Twenty-six patients (56.2%) had at least one lesion with a SUV_max >2.5, were grouped as recurrent or metastatic disease, and consequently accepted as PET-positive group. In the PET-positive group, 12 patients had local recurrence findings, and 14 patients had lesions positive for metastatic lymph nodes in the cervical region. Furthermore, five patients had lesions in the mediastinum, five had lung lesions, and three had bone lesions compatible with the metastases (Figure 1).

Table 1

Figure 1

The mean Tg levels were 240.36±372.75 ng/mL (range between 0.04 and 11.000 ng/mL), and the mean anti-Tg levels were 37.87±237.37 ng/mL (range between 0.9 and 1.611 ng/mL). Tg and anti-Tg levels of all patients were categorized into two groups as PET-positive and negative. Tg levels were detected significantly higher in PET-positive patients (101.3 ng/mL) than in PET-negative patients (19.4 ng/mL; p=0.001, Table 2). The cut-off value of Tg levels for PET-positive patients was at 52.5 ng/mL, as calculated by the ROC analysis (Figure 2). With this cut-off value for Tg, 73.08% sensitivity, 75% specificity, 79.17% positive predictive value, and 68.18% negative predictive value were achieved in the PET-positive patients. Eight of the total number of patients had increased anti-Tg levels, of which two had ¹⁸F-FDG-positive lesions. However, there was either no significant relation or no meaningful cut-off value for the anti-Tg levels, probably due to the smaller sample size.

Table 2

Figure 2

The comparison between PET-positive disease and the TNM stage of the patients showed significant differences between stage-I and stage-II or stage-IV patients. Stages-II and-IV disease had significantly higher ¹⁸F-FDG positivity in PET/CT images (p=0.049, Table 3).

Table 3

Gender, age, and tumor type did not exhibit a significant effect on PET/CT positivity. SUV_max data also correlated with the clinical and pathological findings of the patients. The mean SUV_max value for the recurrent or metastatic lesions in PET/CT scan was 7.65±5.99 (2.5-25.3). The highest SUV_max was 25.3 in one patient with FTC. However, it did not have any correlation with the prognostic factors or patients’ characteristics.

Discussion

¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scan is useful in staging and following-up most of the cancer types, yet the evidence of the benefits in thyroid cancer is limited. Even the cost-effectiveness relationship of PET/CT imaging in differentiated thyroid cancer is still being discussed. ¹⁸F-FDG uptake represents de-differentiation, and the “flip-flop” phenomenon serves as a sign of worse prognosis (10).

The results from our study indicate that the TNM stage of the disease may lead to specific follow-up for patients who could benefit from the PET/CT. ¹⁸F-FDG positivity is significantly higher in patients with stage-II and -IV, consistent with the aggressive potentiality of the disease. The other prognostic factors like age, gender, type, or size of the tumor did not have a significant relation to PET positivity.

The group of ¹⁸F-FDG-positive lesions in PET/CT scan had a significantly higher median of Tg levels than the ¹⁸F-FDG negative group (101.3 ng/mL vs. 19.4 ng/mL; p=0.001). The cut-off Tg value in the present study was higher than that indicated by the guidelines and that of other studies (7,14,15,16). We believe it resulted from the low number of patients participating in our study, and/or the high mean of Tg levels (240.36±372.75; median: 59.65). Some of the patients that presented to our department were not routinely followed up, so they had already developed metastatic pathologies before they underwent the PET/CT scan.

SUV_max values significantly did not correlate with the other clinical findings or characteristics of the patients. Nevertheless, SUV_max values provide important information about the de-differentiation degree. Other groups have reported a correlation between high SUV_max and worse prognosis in PTC patients (17). As a result of de-differentiation of tumor cells, the glucose transporter-1 increases and affects the increase in ¹⁸F-FDG uptake (18). Robbins et al. (19) demonstrated that SUV_max affected positively both the prognosis and the survival of the patients. ¹⁸F-FDG-positive lesions indicate higher aggressiveness correlated with the value of the SUV_max (20). Furthermore, another study has demonstrated that a SUV_max >10 is related to shorter locoregional disease-free survival (21). The two patients with aggressive variant (tall cell) PTC in our study had ¹⁸F-FDG-positive metastatic lesions. They had Tg levels of 1.522 ng/mL, 35 ng/mL, and SUV_max values of 12.9, 5.8, respectively. Both patients had local recurrence while one of them, with the highest Tg and SUV_max levels, additionally presented with lung metastases. These findings are compatible with the literature, but further correlations are necessary with more patients in aggressive differentiated thyroid cancers. More observational studies for detecting or staging thyroid cancers with ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in the initial phases of the disease also provide valuable information for the treatment decision (22). Furthermore, the challenge of treatment for the patients with simultaneous iodine positivity and ¹⁸F-FDG positivity should be taken into consideration (23). We also had a patient with both iodine-positive and negative metastases. Intense ¹⁸F-FDG uptake was detected in de-differentiated metastatic lesions, as seen in PET/CT images (Figure 3). Therapy management is a challenge in such cases and the treatment decision, including tyrosine kinase as an option, should be made in accordance with oncology.

Figure 3

Conclusion

¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT may be useful in detecting recurrence for differentiated thyroid cancer patients. Tg levels and the initial stage of the disease are significantly correlated with FDG positivity. It may also provide information about the de-differentiation process which supports the treatment plan.

Imaging Techniques

Ultrasound for residual disease or abnormal lymph node on the neck region was performed. Whole-body scan was performed 48-72 hours after administering the 185 MBq (5 mci) I-131 for the patients with increasing levels of either Tg or anti-Tg. A Mediso dual-head camera was used for whole-body scintigraphy and single photon emission computed tomography/CT images when detailed images are required. Finally, ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scan was performed on the patients with either a negative I-131 scan or clinical signs of disease progression after the iodine treatment. Patients with already known metastases and increased levels of either Tg or anti-Tg were also included and screened with ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scan.

FDG PET/CT protocol had the following parameters: 45-60 mins after receiving approximately 111-370 Mbq (3-10 mci) of ¹⁸F-FDG with patient having an empty bladder, underwent a head to mid-thigh whole-body CT scan (130 kV, 50-80 mAs, thickness slice of 3 mm) and followed by a PET scan (GE Healthcare, Wisconsin, USA). Neither oral nor intravenous contrast was used in any of the patients. A region of interest was drawn around the metastases to measure the SUV_max. Lesions with an abnormal anatomical shape and higher SUV_max levels than the background were accepted as PET-positive for recurrence or metastases. Biopsy confirmation was not achieved in all the patients.

Statistical Analysis

All data were analyzed on SPSS software for Windows (v17.0; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Individual and aggregate data were summarized using descriptive statistics including the mean, standard deviations, medians (min-max), frequency distributions, and percentages. The normality of the data distribution was verified by the histogram graphs and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. For the variables that were not normally distributed, the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to compare between groups. The correlation was analyzed with Spearman’s Rho tests. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the cut-off levels of Tg and anti-Tg. P values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Study Limitations

This study had some limitations. ¹⁸F-FDG negative patients could not be discussed in detail, due to the lack of follow-up data. Some of the initial clinical data were not available because of the referrals from different hospitals for the radioiodine treatment. Hence, the correlations with other conventional imaging techniques were not applicable.

References

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin 2019;69:7-34.

Sherman SI. Thyroid carcinoma. Lancet 2003;361:501-511.

American Thyroid Association (ATA) Guidelines Taskforce on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer, Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ, Mazzaferri EL, McIver B, Pacini F, Schlumberger M, Sherman SI, Steward DL, Tuttle RM. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2009;19:1167-1214.

Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM. Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am J Med 1994;97:418-428.

Wang W, Macapinlac H, Larson SM, Yeh SD, Akhurst T, Finn RD, Rosai J, Robbins RJ. [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography localizes residual thyroid cancer in patients with negative diagnostic (131)I whole body scans and elevated serum thyroglobulin levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2291-2302.

Larg MI, Barbus E, Gabora K, Pestean C, Cheptea M, Piciu D. 18F-FDG PET/CT in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar) 2019;15:203-208.

Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov YE, Pacini F, Randolph GW, Sawka AM, Schlumberger M, Schuff KG, Sherman SI, Sosa JA, Steward DL, Tuttle RM, Wartofsky L. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2016;26:1-133.

Gild ML, Topliss DJ, Learoyd D, Parnis F, Tie J, Hughes B, Walsh JP, McLeod DSA, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Robinson BG. Clinical guidance for radioiodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018;88:529-537.

Cooray SD, Topliss DJ. The management of metastatic radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer requires an integrated approach including both directed and systemic therapies. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2017;2017:16-0089.

Feine U, Lietzenmayer R, Hanke JP, Wöhrle H, Müller-Schauenburg W. 18FDG-Ganzkörper-PET bei differenzierten Schilddrüsenkarzinomen. Flipflop im Speichermuster von 18FDG und 131J [18FDG whole-body PET in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Flipflop in uptake patterns of 18FDG and 131I]. Nuklearmedizin 1995;34:127-134.

Jung JH, Kim CY, Son SH, Kim DH, Jeong SY, Lee SW, Lee J, Ahn BC. Preoperative Prediction of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis Using Primary Tumor SUVmax on 18F-FDG PET/CT in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. PLoS One 2015;10:e0144152.

Chong A, Ha JM, Han YH, Kong E, Choi Y, Hong KH, Park JH, Kim SH, Park JM. Preoperative Lymph Node Staging by FDG PET/CT With Contrast Enhancement for Thyroid Cancer: A Multicenter Study and Comparison With Neck CT. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2017;10:121-128.

Tuttle M, Morris LF, Haugen B, Shah J, Sosa JA, Rohren E, Subramaniam RM, Hunt JL, Perrier ND. Thyroid-differentiated and anaplastic carcinoma. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th edition. New York (NY, USA): Springer International Publishing; 2017.

Bertagna F, Bosio G, Biasiotto G, Rodella C, Puta E, Gabanelli S, Lucchini S, Merli G, Savelli G, Giubbini R, Rosenbaum J, Alavi A. F-18 FDG-PET/CT evaluation of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer with negative I-131 total body scan and high thyroglobulin level. Clin Nucl Med 2009;34:756-761.

Schlüter B, Bohuslavizki KH, Beyer W, Plotkin M, Buchert R, Clausen M. Impact of FDG PET on patients with differentiated thyroid cancer who present with elevated thyroglobulin and negative 131I scan. J Nucl Med 2001;42:71-76.

Shammas A, Degirmenci B, Mountz JM, McCook BM, Branstetter B, Bencherif B, Joyce JM, Carty SE, Kuffner HA, Avril N. 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with suspected recurrent or metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 2007;48:221-226.

Gim H, Lee DK, Park HS, Jeong YJ. Diagnostic Value of SUV in 18F-FDG PET/CT for Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Int J Thyroidol 2020;13:37-42.

Grabellus F, Nagarajah J, Bockisch A, Schmid KW, Sheu SY. Glucose transporter 1 expression, tumor proliferation, and iodine/glucose uptake in thyroid cancer with emphasis on poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med 2012;37:121-127.

Robbins RJ, Wan Q, Grewal RK, Reibke R, Gonen M, Strauss HW, Tuttle RM, Drucker W, Larson SM. Real-time prognosis for metastatic thyroid carcinoma based on 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography scanning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:498-505.

Ha LN, Iravani A, Nhung NT, Hanh NTM, Hutomo F, Son MH. Relationship between clinicopathologic factors and FDG avidity in radioiodine-negative recurrent or metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Imaging 2021;21:8.

Kang JH, Jung DW, Pak KJ, Kim IJ, Kim HJ, Cho JK, Shin SC, Wang SG, Lee BJ. Prognostic implication of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients with recurrent papillary thyroid cancer. Head Neck 2018;40:94-102.

Cho SG, Kwon SY, Kim J, Cho DH, Na MH, Kang SR, Yoo SW, Song HC. Risk factors of malignant fluorodeoxyglucose-avid lymph node on preablation positron emission tomography in patients with papillary thyroid cancer undergoing radioiodine ablation therapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98:e14858.

Piccardo A, Foppiani L, Morbelli S, Bianchi P, Barbera F, Biscaldi E, Altrinetti V, Villavecchia G, Cabria M. Could [18]F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT change the therapeutic management of stage IV thyroid cancer with positive (131)I whole body scan? Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011;55:57-65.

The Use of 18F-FDG PET/CT in Patients with Recurrent Differentiated Thyroid Cancer